Revisión rápida de la efectividad de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.16921/pfr.v10i2.372Palabras clave:
programas de prevención, política pública de drogas, escuela.Resumen
Introducción: El consumo de drogas en jóvenes escolarizados es un desafío global de salud pública, afectando la salud individual, el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo colectivo. Las escuelas son entornos clave para la prevención, pues ofrecen una plataforma para llegar a niños y adolescentes. Esta revisión rápida sintetiza la evidencia sobre la efectividad de programas educativos de prevención de drogas en escuelas, con el fin de fortalecer las estrategias preventivas en este ámbito. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión rápida de la evidencia publicada en Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane y Google Académico. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas con o sin metanálisis publicados hasta 2025, que proporcionaban información sobre resultados de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo. Resultados: Se identificaron cinco revisiones sistemáticas y siete revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis. Los hallazgos evidencian que estos programas tienen efectos positivos, principalmente en el conocimiento y actitudes hacia las drogas, aunque el impacto sobre la reducción del consumo no resulta consistentemente significativo. Conclusiones: Los enfoques interactivos y centrados en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales se encontraron que son más efectivos, especialmente cuando se aplican durante la adolescencia temprana. La evidencia es heterogénea y su efecto directo en la disminución del consumo de sustancias continúa siendo limitado.
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27. Onrust SA, Otten R, Lammers J, Smit F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Mar;44:45–59.
28. Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010 Jul;19(3):505–26.
29. Becoña E. Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.; 2002.
30. Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov;169(11):1046–52.
31. Ridenour TA, Murray DW, Hinde J, Glasheen C, Wilkinson A, Rackers H, et al. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns. Prev Sci. 2022 Feb;23(2):212–23.
32. Nora Volkow. NIDA. 2022. Invertir en la prevención es una decisión financiera sensata.
2. Espada J, Gonzálvez M, Orgilés M, Lloret D, Guillén-Riquelme A. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain. Psicothema. 2015 Feb 1;1(27):5–12.
3. UNODC. PUNTOS DE INTERÉS ESPECIALES DEL INFORME MUNDIAL SOBRE LAS DROGAS CORRESPONDIENTE A 2024 . In: UNODC, editor. Informe Mundial de Drogas 2024. Vienna; 2024.
4. Melendez‐Torres GJ, Tancred T, Fletcher A, Thomas J, Campbell R, Bonell C. Does integrated academic and health education prevent substance use? <scp>S</scp> ystematic review and meta‐analyses. Child Care Health Dev. 2018 Jul 15;44(4):516–30.
5. MacArthur GJ, Harrison S, Caldwell DM, Hickman M, Campbell R. Peer‐led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 11–21 years: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction. 2016 Mar 9;111(3):391–407.
6. Tremblay M, Baydala L, Khan M, Currie C, Morley K, Burkholder C, et al. Primary Substance Use Prevention Programs for Children and Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2020 Sep 1;146(3).
7. Tinner L, Palmer JC, Lloyd EC, Caldwell DM, MacArthur GJ, Dias K, et al. Individual-, family- and school-based interventions to prevent multiple risk behaviours relating to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in young people aged 8-25 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022 Jun 3;22(1):1111.
8. Harris B, Shaw B, Lawson H, Sherman B. Barriers to Addressing Adolescent Substance Use: Perceptions of New York School‐Based Health Center Providers. Journal of School Health. 2016 Feb 13;86(2):96–104.
9. Jaycox LH, McCaffrey DF, Ocampo BW, Shelley GA, Blake SM, Peterson DJ, et al. Challenges in the Evaluation and Implementation of School-Based Prevention and Intervention Programs on Sensitive Topics. American Journal of Evaluation. 2006 Sep 1;27(3):320–36.
10. Dusenbury L. A review of research on fidelity of implementation: implications for drug abuse prevention in school settings. Health Educ Res. 2003 Apr 1;18(2):237–56.
11. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? Dean R. Gerstein, Lawrence W. Green, editors. Vol. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1993. 1–176 p.
12. Soole DW, Mazerolle L, Rombouts S. School-Based Drug Prevention Programs: A Review of What Works. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 2008 Aug 1;41(2):259–86.
13. Faggiano F, Minozzi S, Versino E, Buscemi D. Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 Dec 1;2017(8).
14. Lize SE, Iachini AL, Tang W, Tucker J, Seay KD, Clone S, et al. A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Interactive Middle School Cannabis Prevention Programs. Prev Sci. 2017 Jan;18(1):50–60.
15. Cuijpers P. Peer-Led and Adult-Led School Drug Prevention: A Meta-Analytic Comparison. J Drug Educ. 2002 Jun 1;32(2):107–19.
16. Tobler NS, Stratton HH. Effectiveness of School-Based Drug Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis of the Research. J Prim Prev. 1997;18(1):71–128.
17. Burke MR. School-Based Substance Abuse Prevention: Political Finger Pointing Does Not Work. FEDERAL PROBATION . 2002 Sep;66:67–71.
18. Champion KE, Newton NC, Barrett EL, Teesson M. A systematic review of school‐based alcohol and other drug prevention programs facilitated by computers or the <scp>I</scp> nternet. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013 Mar 8;32(2):115–23.
19. Bangert-Drowns RL. The Effects of School-Based Substance Abuse Education — A Meta-Analysis. J Drug Educ. 1988 Sep 1;18(3):243–64.
20. Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Fossum S, Kaiser S, Martinussen M. Effectiveness of school-based preventive interventions on adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2014 Dec 13;9(1):48.
21. Wilson DB, Gottfredson DC, Najaka SS. School-Based Prevention of Problem Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. J Quant Criminol. 2001;17(3):247–72.
22. Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL, Thorne J, Rohrbach LA, Vincus A, Simons-Rudolph A, et al. A Comparison of Current Practice in School-Based Substance Use Prevention Programs with Meta-Analysis Findings. Prevention Science. 2003;4(1):1–14.
23. Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R. Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015 Mar 10;5(3):e006976.
24. Flay BR. The promise of long-term effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention programs: a critical review of reviews. Tob Induc Dis. 2009;5(1):7.
25. UNODC. Normas Internacionales para la Prevención del Uso de Drogas . UNODC, OMS. UNODC; 2018.
26. Alarcó-Rosales R, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Ferrer-Cascales R, Albaladejo-Blazquez N, Lordan O, Zaragoza-Martí A. Effects of a School-Based Intervention for Preventing Substance Use among Adolescents at Risk of Academic Failure: A Pilot Study of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 Program. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Nov 1;9(11).
27. Onrust SA, Otten R, Lammers J, Smit F. School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Mar;44:45–59.
28. Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010 Jul;19(3):505–26.
29. Becoña E. Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.; 2002.
30. Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov;169(11):1046–52.
31. Ridenour TA, Murray DW, Hinde J, Glasheen C, Wilkinson A, Rackers H, et al. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Screening and Referral to Prevention for Youth Risky Health Behaviors: Evidence Regarding Potential Cost-Savings and Provider Concerns. Prev Sci. 2022 Feb;23(2):212–23.
32. Nora Volkow. NIDA. 2022. Invertir en la prevención es una decisión financiera sensata.
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Publicado
2025-08-01
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1.
Núñez-Vásquez C. Revisión rápida de la efectividad de los programas educativos de prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar. PFR [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 2025 [citado 4 de octubre de 2025];10(2). Disponible en: https://www.practicafamiliarrural.org/index.php/pfr/article/view/372
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